Net Framework Essay Example for Free

Net Framework Essay Net Framework is a Microsoft tool provided to the development world with an objective to facilitate the consistent object oriented programming environment. The . net Framework comes as an integral component of Windows Operating System to create a code execution environment. For this the . NET Framework comes with the Common Language Runtime (CLR) and the . NET Framework class library. CLR acts as a standard foundation to build a variety of new applications, where as the . NET Framework class library offers standard implementations new services for CLR-based applications. Such facility of code execution settings will minimize the Software versioning and software deployment conflicts. The built in . net Framework in Operating system will encourage safe execution of code Microsoft’s design goals in building the . net Framework are Component Infrastructure Simplified Development, Language Integration, Reliability, Security and Interoperability The advantages with the . Net Framework include – A Development environment which is language Independent and with Multi-Language Support. The partial platform independency of the . net Framework enables it to work on Linux operating system. The   net Framework supports different types of application development. It even supports the different user accepted tool integration like windows, console, mobile, pocket pc, GPRS, smart client etc. , The major disadvantage is it doesn’t fully support all the operating systems. Unlike Java or JVM, the CLR components, which are essential to run . net application are not readily available. Also the Cost of the Integrated Development Environment (IDE) with . NET, ASP. NET, and C# is another disadvantage. Though alternative IDEs and Text Editors are available to develop the . net application they experience less efficient productivity. The multiple Language integrating and support aspect of CLR enable the languages like VB to easily integrate with . net Framework.. Through this a class written in Visual Basic can inherit from a base class written in another language like COBOL or C++, when implemented on . NET. This interoperability is supported by the metadata of the CLR in . net Framework. References: .NET Framework Advantages, Retrieved November 8, 2000, from http://www. startvbdotnet. com/dotnet/frameworkadvantages. aspx .NET Framework (2), Retrieved November 8, 2000, from http://www. developerfusion. com/samplechapter/1678/introducing-net/3/

Abortion Poems Essay Example for Free

Abortion Poems Essay Gewndolyn Brooks and Anne Sexton both wrote poems about the controversial subject of abortion. Brooks wrote a poem titled â€Å"The Mother† which stressed the physiological and ethical consequence of her choice. While in Sextons poem â€Å"The Abortion† the focus is more on the emotions felt before and after the actual process of aborting the baby. Yet both poems posses similar use of words to get a point across. The main way the authors did this is through the use of tone. The tone of these poems easily allow the reader to see just how easy it is to know something is wrong, but do it anyway. In Brooks poem â€Å"The Mother† she selects words and expressions that give the poem an air of sadness. By saying things such as â€Å"You will never neglect or beat Them, or silence or buy with a sweet.† it shows her longing to do things that mothers are generally thought to be good at. At the same time this also shows she is aware that she has essentially taken life and its experiences away from not only her unborn child but herself as well because she never gets the chance to do the things she speaks of. The title of the poem demonstrates this trough a paradox, she never actually got to be a â€Å"Mother† because she aborted her baby. The line in which she states, â€Å"you will never end up sucking thumb† reinforces all this as well as demonstrates her use of imagery thought the entire poem. By creating such vivid images of things she and her child would have done it connects the reader on a more personal level because it gives them a chance to really imagine everything Brooks is saying. Having the connection and the images in their mind while knowing that the baby was aborted makes it all the more real, allowing the reader to feel similar emotions that the mother herself had felt such as sorrow and remorse. The remorseful feeling is really expressed towards the ending of the poem when there is a change in whom she is addressing. Brooks now begins to address the actual child that was aborted and ask for forgiveness while acknowledging she has done wrong by saying â€Å"the crime was other than mine†. She also tells the child that she loves them and that â€Å" even in my deliberateness I was not deliberate.† showing that she is sorry for what she has done even though she knew what she was getting into when she did it. All of these things together give Brook s poem a remorseful tone that perfectly expresses how someone can so easily do something they know deep down is wrong. In Sextons poem â€Å"The Abortion† the emotions she is feeling are expressed to the reader through the change setting. It begins while she still has the baby inside her and she uses words that make the world sound as though it is full of life such as puckering and puffing. She describes the landscape hilly mountainous and green, which is a color that symbolizes new life. Towards the end of the poem when returning from her abortion the setting is described in a more gloomy empty way. The sky had grown thin and the roads were flat. This shows the change in her emotions, just like the land she used to be full of life as well and afterwards she was empty and flat without a child in her womb. The first line of the poem â€Å" Somebody who should have been born is gone.† is an expression of her feelings on abortion. The statement itself lets the reader know right off the bat that she thinks abortion is wrong, yet she goes along and does it anyway. She does not even describe the actual process of aborting the baby as badly as one would imagine someone with that view on the subject would have. She makes an allusion to Rumplestilksen saying that the man who performed the abortion for her was nothing like him at all, basically meaning that she didn’t feel the experience was horrible and as though he was forcing her to give up her first born child like Rumplestilksen had done in a fairy tale. The repetition of the first line thought the entire poem expresses the regret she is feeling thought the entire experience of her abortion. She even calls herself a coward at the very end for doing such a thing. But none of that stopped her from getting the abortion done. The tone of regret Sexton set for this poem once again shows that it’s not at all hard to go ahead and do something they you are sure is wrong. Both of these women were well aware that getting an abortion, in their opinion, was wrong. They each expressed their regret and remorse through the wording of their poems and both poems were quite simple and soothing, something a child would understand. The poems described different aspects of abortion but stress the idea that having an abortion comes with the emotions of sadness, sorrow, and guilt. The reader is easily able to connect to the pome and understand the emotions that are being felt through the imagery used and tone set by the authors. But even with all of that both women still chose to abort their baby. Doing something you know is wrong is something every reader can easily relate to and understand.

Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Soil and Vegetables

Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Soil and Vegetables Abstract The present study was carried out to assess heavy metals Cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), Chromium (Cr) and Nickel (Ni) levels in vegetables like Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis), Cabbage (Brassica oleracea), Carrot (Daucus carota), Brinjal (Solanum melongena), Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) and Radish (Raphanus sativus) irrigated with domestic wastewater. The vegetable samples were randomly collected from the farmlands irrigated with domestic wastewater around the Hisar district. Spinach, cabbage, carrot, brinjal and carrot accumulated higher Cd (1.30ÂÂ ±0.31), Pb (4.23ÂÂ ±0.32 mg kg-1), Cu (1.42ÂÂ ±0.25 mg kg-1), Zn (3.4ÂÂ ±0.28 mg kg-1), Cr (1.16ÂÂ ±0.11 mg kg-1) and Ni (2.45ÂÂ ±0.86 mg kg-1) respectively. Transfer Factor (TF) of Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr and Ni are more in spinach (0.0306), cabbage (0.4448), spinach (0.2642), cauliflower (0.2494), carrot (0.0764) and spinach (0.7469) respectively. The health risk assessment has bee n calculated followed by Estimated Daily Intake Metal (EDIM) and Estimated Health Risk Index (EHRI). The present study highlights that both adults and children consuming vegetables grown in wastewater irrigated soils accumulate significant amount of these metals. However, the values of these metals were lesser than recommended maximum tolerable levels proposed by the FAO/WHO (1999). Keywords: Daily intake, Heavy metals, Plant uptake, Risk Assessment, Reference dose, EDIM, EHRI Introduction Indian economy is based on agriculture and having second largest population in the world. Most of its states are depends on the monsoon. There are two main sources for irrigation. First one is canal and second is ground water but the quality of ground water is so poor for the long sustainability of agriculture system. This water is not adequate to fulfill the crop water requirement and needs additional extra water for agricultural purposes. To cater the need of the present demand for irrigation, use of municipal domestic wastewater, is becoming a common practice in urban areas of Haryana, India. This causes serious problems of salinity and ultimately reduction in agriculture production (Marshall et al., 2007, Singh et al., 2010). The large amounts of untreated industrial and domestic wastewater are used for year round irrigation of vegetables. Such waste water usually contains heavy metals that accumulate in the soil. The use of such untreated wastewater has been reported to cause co ntaminations of the food chain (Wang et al., 2004; Mapanda et al., 2005). Some trace amount of heavy metals such as Zn and Cu are essential for the growth of organisms while others such as Cd and Pb are toxic (McBride, 1994, Kabata-Pendias and Mukherjee, 2007). Dietary uptake pathway could be through crops irrigated with contaminated wastewater and have been reported to contain large amount of toxic heavy metals which may lead to health disorders in humans depending on the uptake of these metals into plant and consumed by animals or humans (Bosso and Enzweiler, 2008; Fu et al., 2008; Lim et al., 2008; Agbenin et al., 2009). Consumption of metal contaminated vegetables may lead to a weakened immune system, intra-uterine growth retardation, impaired psycho-social behavior, high prevalence of upper gastrointestinal cancer and other disorders typically associated with malnutrition (Arora et al., 2008). Potential health risks to humans from consumption of vegetables can be due to heavy metal uptake from contaminated soils via plant roots as well as direct deposition of contaminants from the atmosphere onto plant surfaces (McBride, 2003). A number of previous studies from developing countries have reported heavy metal contamination in wastewater and wastewater irrigated soil (Cao and Hu, 2000; Mapanda et al., 2005; Nyamangara and Mzezewa, 1999; Singh et al., 2004; Nan et al., 2002). Dietary intake is the main route of exposure of heavy metals for most people (Tripathi et al., 1997). The information about heavy metal concentrations in different type of vegetables and their dietary intake is very important for assessing their risk to human health. Heavy metals in the nutrient cycle have seriously threatened health and environmental integrity, therefore, problem of heavy metal contamination in vegetables should be studied in details to develop central strategies. The objective of presen t study was bioaccumulation of heavy metals in vegetables irrigated by domestic wastewater and assessment of health rick due to these heavy metals. Materials and methods Study area and sampling All samples were randomly collected from the farmlands irrigated with domestic wastewater around the three different locations such as Rishi Nager (L1), New Police Line (L2) and Ludass village (L3) of Hisar district of Haryana, India. Soil samples were collected at the surface depth of 10cm using stainless steel spade sampling tools and plastic buckets to avoid any contamination of samples with traces of elements from the tools. At each sampling site, scrape away surface debris and remove a core sample to the appropriate depth. Soil samples were air dried, ground, passed through a 2mm sieve and stored in plastic bags for further analysis. Five ground Water and seven wastewater samples were also collected from the each location. All samples were collected and stored and kept at 4oC for further analysis in polythene bags/canes according to their type and brought to the laboratory for metal quantification. Sample preparation All the collected Vegetables were washed with double distilled water to remove airborne particles. The edible parts of the samples were weighed and soils samples were air-dried at room temperature, to reduce water content. All the samples were then oven-dried in a hot air oven at 70ÂÂ ±5 oC for 24 h. Dried samples were powdered using a pestle and mortar and sieved through muslin cloth. Digestion of the vegetable and soils samples For each vegetable, three powdered samples from each source of domestic wastewater irrigation (1.0 g each) were accurately weighed and placed in crucibles, three replicates for each sample. The soil and vegetable ash samples were digested with perchloric acid and nitric acid (1:4) solution. The samples were left to cool and contents were filtered through Whitman filter paper No. 40. Each sample solution was made up to a final volume of 50 ml with distilled water and concentration of heavy metals were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (ASS: model AA6300, Shimadzu). Risk Assessment Transfer Factor (TF) The transfer factor (TF) of Cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), Chromium (Cr) and Nickel (Ni) from the soil to vegetables were calculated using below given equation 1(Cui et al., 2004; Gupta, et al., 2010): (1) Estimated Daily Intake of Metal (EDIM) The Estimated daily oral intake of metals from soil through vegetables in mg was calculated by equation 2: (2) Where; Cm is heavy metals conc. in vegetable plants (mg/kg), CF is conversion factor, DI is daily intake of vegetables (kg/ person/day) and BAw is Average body weight (kg). The conversion factor used to convert fresh green vegetable weight to dry weight was 0.085, as described by Rattan et al., 2005; Khan et al., 2008, Arora et al., 2008). The average daily vegetable intakes for adults and children were considered to be 0.250 and 0.150 kg/ person/day, respectively, while average body weights were taken as 55 and 25 kg of the age of 35 and 16 years respectively for adult and child. Estimated Health Risk Index (EHRI) Estimated health risk index (EHRI) is the ratio of estimated daily intake of metal (EDIM) to the reference dose (RD) is defined as the maximum tolerable daily intake of a specific metal that does not result in any harmful health effects. If the value of EHRI less than one than the exposed population is said to be safe and if greater than one indicating that there is a potential risk associated with that metal (IRIS, 2003) was calculated by below given equation: (3) Result and discussion Metal concentration level in water and soil The quality of domestic wastewater and ground water (tube well) was assessed for irrigation with respect to their pH, EC, OC and some of the heavy metals. The pH of the sewage water in the range of 6.8-7.3 (7.03ÂÂ ±0.07) was lower than the ground water as collected from the nearby area in the ranged of 7.2- 7.9 (7.6ÂÂ ±0.12) while its salt content (EC) was in the ranged of 175.8-195.3 mS/m considerably higher than those of ground waters (148.9-158.6 mS/m). The concentration for heavy metal contents in domestic wastewater and in ground water samples shows that Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr and Ni (figure 1) are well within the limits permissible limit set by FAO (1985) and PFA (2000). In general, concentrations of heavy metals were higher side in domestic wastewater than in the ground waters (Tube Well) which could be toxic to some crops and human health. In the studied area, the concentration of all the heavy metals in water and domestic wastewater were found to be higher except Zn fr om the permissible limits of Indian standards (PFA, 2000) and (WHO/FAO, 2007). The total concentrations of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr and Ni) in soils sampled at the three different sites are presented in figure 2. The average pH of the location-I (7.04ÂÂ ±011), location-II (7.02ÂÂ ±0.19) and location-III (7.0ÂÂ ±0.03) soil are almost nearly neutral. The electrical conductivity (EC) was 190.2-273.6 mS/m for location-I, 202.8-247.2 mS/m for location -II and 170-271.3 mS/m for location-III. The percent organic carbon contents in soil were higher due to constant domestic wastewater irrigation and ranged from 3.48-5.2% for location-I, 3.85-5.54% for location-II and 3-69-5.6% for location-III. As the sub soils were clayey the organic carbon was found to be in high percent. Soil organic carbon is the most important indicator of soil quality and in addition to acting as a store-house of the plant nutrients plays a major role in nutrient cycling (Rattan et al., 2005). Across the study area, wide ranges of soil heavy metal concentration were observed and are shown in figure 3. The observed concentration of heavy metal in ranged between 37.76-73.5 mg kg-1 for Cd, 2.74-22.44 mg kg-1 for Pb, 0.54-24.16 mg kg-1 for Cu, 0.96-12.44 mg kg-1 for Zn, 3.21-72.85 mg kg-1 for Cr, 1.37-6.47 mg kg-1 for Ni, and 249.3-773.4 mg kg-1 for Fe for location-I. For location-II, heavy metals ranged between 23.7-103.7 mg kg-1 for Cd, 5.67-30.99 mg kg-1 for Pb, 3.04-16.47 mg kg-1 for Cu, 3.16-9.16 mg kg-1 for Zn, 3.19-41.35 mg kg-1 for Cr and 4.68-13.77 mg kg-1 for Ni; 6.31-66.61 mg kg-1 for Cd, 3.20-19.60 mg kg-1 for Pb, 1.35-11.81 mg kg-1 for Cu, 4.47-15.55 mg kg-1 for Zn, 1.38-3.54-46.64 mg kg-1 for Cr and 1.38-9.99 mg kg-1 for Ni for location-III. The domestic wastewater irrigated soil in all locations, the heavy metal (Cd, Pb, Cu and Cr) concentrations was not significantly and for Zn and Cr is significant at (P The results have clearly indicated higher concentration of metals in soils which is contributed prolonged irrigation by sewage wastewater. If the same trend continues the concentrations of metals will accumulate in the soil. Relatively higher amounts of these heavy metal which attributes to the reduction in soil pH to moderately acidic conditions as well increase in organic carbon due to the continuous use of sewage effluents. This may be a cause of prime concern in near future. Long-term application of domestic wastewater will result in increase in organic carbon and decrease in pH. Heavy metal accumulation in vegetables The concentrations of heavy metals in edible part of vegetables (Table 3 and figure 2) were investigated in vegetables which is commonly grown. The bioaccumulations of heavy metals concentration in all the vegetables are different, so no similar trend have been observed for heavy metal concentration. The heavy metals bioaccumulation in cauliflower was Zn > Pb > Cu > Ni > Cd > Cr, for cabbage was Pb > Zn > Cd > Cr > Cu > Ni, for carrot was Zn > Pb > Ni > Cu > Cr > Cd, for brinjal Zn > Pb > Cd > Ni > Cr > Cu, for spinach was Zn > Ni > Pb > Cd > Cu > Cr , a similar trend have also been observed by Pandey and Pandey (2009) and for radish Zn > Ni > Pb > Cr > Cu > Cd. Cauliflower accumulated in the range of 0.15-0.27 mg kg-1 Cd, 0.14-0.34 mg kg-1 Pb, 0.7-1.75 mg kg-1 Cu, 2.9-5.9 mg kg-1 Zn, 0.10-0.35 mg kg-1 Cr and 0.01-0.60 mg kg-1 Ni, cabbage accumulated 0.30-1.20 mg kg-1 Cd, 3.37-5.37 mg kg-1 Pb, 0.06-1.10 mg kg-1 Cu, 0.74-4.90 mg kg-1 Zn, 0.06-1.23 mg kg-1 Cr and 0.01-0.34 mg kg-1 Ni, carrot accumulated 0.20-0.70 mg kg-1 Cd, 0.98-3.25 mg kg-1 Pb, 0.55-1.95 mg kg-1 Cu, 2.65-4.02 mg kg-1 Zn, 0.96-1.50 mg kg-1 Cr and 0.85-1.36 mg kg-1 Ni, brinjal accumulated 0.50-1.10 mg kg-1 Cd, 0.80-2.64 mg kg-1 Pb, 0.30-0.46 mg kg-1 Cu, 3.26-3.90 mg kg-1 Zn, 0.30-1.02 mg kg-1 Cr and 0.64-0.86 mg kg-1 Ni, spinach accumulated 0.7-1.88 mg kg-1 Cd, 1.26-3.8 mg kg-1 Pb, 0.90-1.45 mg kg-1Cu, 1.6-6.75 mg kg-1 Zn, 0.65-1.05 mg kg-1 Cr and 0.01-3.80 mg kg-1 Ni, and radish accumulated 0.22-0.38 mg kg-1 Cd, 0.64-1.24 mg kg-1 Pb, 0.19-1.30 mg kg-1 Cu, 0.56-2.70 mg kg-1 Zn, 0.76-1.25 mg kg-1 Cr and 0.21-2.40 mg kg-1 Ni. The range of Cd concentration in brinjal (0.50-1.10 mg kg-1) recorded in this study was lower than the range (1.10 9.20 ÃŽÂ ¼g g-1) reported by Sharma et al. (2006). Vegetables (spinach and cabbage), range of Ni concentration was highest in spinach (0.01-3.80 mg kg-1). These values were lower than the range (5.55 15.00 ÃŽÂ ¼g g-1) reported by Sharma et al., 2006 and Singh et al., 2010 in spinach from Dinapur area as well as the range (0.2 3.0 mg kg-1) in spinach from waste water irrigated areas of Hyderabad reported by Sridhara Chary et al. (2008). In cabbage concentrations of Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni and were lower during the present study as compared to those obtained by Sridhara Chary et al. (2008). The present concentration (mg kg-1) of 0.30ÂÂ ±0.03 for Cd, 0.94ÂÂ ±0.10 for Pb, 0.83ÂÂ ±0.18 for Cu and 0.94ÂÂ ±0.09 for Cr in radish were lower than the values obtained for radish collected from a suburban area of Zhengzhou city, Henan Province, China (Liu et a l. 2006). Khan et al. (2008) have reported higher concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cu, Cr and Ni and in radish plants grown at waste water irrigated areas of Beijing than the clean water irrigated ones. Among all the heavy metals, Zn concentration (4.26ÂÂ ±0.06) was higher and Cr (0.09ÂÂ ±0.07) was lower in cauliflower. Radwan Salama (2006) have also found highest concentration of Zn in vegetables collected from Egyptian markets. The bioaccumulation of Cd in spinach is higher than all the tested vegetable samples and similar result have also observed by Zhuang et al., 2009 in chaina. The bioaccumulation of Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr and Ni were found higher in cabbage, carrot, cauliflower, carrot and radish respectively. The results indicate that the concentrations of heavy metals in all the vegetables below the Indian standard (PFA, 2000) and (WHO/FAO, 2007). Heavy metal transfer factor Due to industrialization and urbanization, the heavy metal concentration of soil has increased worldwide. Soil-to- plant transfer of heavy metal is major pathway of human exposure to soil contamination (Chi et al, 2004). The high transfer factor from soil to plants indicates a strong accumulation of the particular metals by vegetable crops (Khan et al., 2008). The results indicated that TF values were lower for Cd, Pb, Cu and Cr, and higher TF for Zn and Ni from those. The transfer factor values in soil to plant of studied metals such as Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr and Ni for various vegetables varied between vegetable plants and locations are shown in table 4. The results revealed that there is large variation in transfer factor of Cd, than other metals in all three locations. The spinach (0.0306) had very high transfer factor for Cd and followed by brinjal (0.0207), cabbage (0.0165), carrot (0.0108), radish (0.0071) and cauliflower (0.0049). Similarly, The cabbage (0.4448), had very high tr ansfer factor for Pb and followed by carrot (0.2376), spinach (0.2187), brinjal (0.0207), cauliflower (0.1672) and radish (0.0988); The carrot (0.2977) had very high transfer factor for Cu and followed by, spinach (0.2642), cauliflower (0.2537), radish (0.1740), cabbage (0.0881) and brinjal (0.0818); The carrot (0.0764) had very high transfer factor for Cr and followed by radish (0.0619), spinach (0.0527), cabbage (0.0454), brinjal (0.0408) and cauliflower (0.0054) for location-III; The cauliflower (0.2494) had very high transfer factor for Zn and followed by carrot (0.1991), brinjal (0.1909), cabbage (0.1862), spinach (0.1739) and radish (0.0984) for location-II; The spinach (0.7469) had very high transfer factor for Ni and followed by carrot (0.4451), radish (0.4542), brinjal (0.2348), cauliflower (0.0732) and cabbage (0.0335) for location-I. The transfer factor of Cd, Pb, Cu and Cr is more in Location III, similarly, Zn in location II and Ni in location-I. Therefore, vegetable cr ops growing on polluted site can accumulate high concentrations of trace elements to cause serious health risk to consumers. Risk Assessment In order to check the health risk of any toxicity from wastewater, it is necessary to estimate the level of exposure of the heavy metals through food chain. In this studied six vegetables were selected and calculate the health risk assessment in terms of estimated daily intake of metal (EDIM) and estimated health risk index (EHRI) by considering the intake of metal through vegetables by the human being. Estimated Daily Intake of Metal (EDIM) The daily intake of heavy metals was estimated on the basis of the average consumption and concentration of metal in particular vegetable spices. The average concentration of Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni and Fe are shown in table 3. Based on the above concentrations, the estimated daily intake of metal (EDIM) for adults and children through food chain were calculated is shown in Table 5. The highest daily intake of metal such as Pb, Zn, Ni, Cu, Cd and Cr were from spinach, cabbage, cauliflower, spinach, carrot, spinach and Carrot respectively grown in domestic wastewater for both adults and children. The results of studied revealed that EDIM suggest that the consumption of vegetables grown in domestic wastewater polluted location is high but is free from any risk as the dietary intake of Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr and Ni in adults is below than the permissible limits (WHO, 1996). Estimated Health Risk Index (EHRI) In order to investigate the estimated health risk index (EHRI) associated with domestic wastewater irrigated soil, it is essential to estimate the level of exposure by quantifying the route of exposure of a heavy metal to the target person. The results indicate that the EHRI values were less than one for Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr and Ni in all tested vegetables consumption. Therefore, the health risks of heavy metals such Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr and Ni exposure through vegetables was no consequences and generally assumed to be safe. All the estimated dietary intake of Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr and Ni were far below the tolerable limits. The oral reference dose (RD) for Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr and Ni are 1.0E-03, 3.5E-03, 4.0E-02, 3.0E-01, 1.5E-00 and 2.0E-02 mg kg -1 day -1, respectively given by US-EPA (2002), IRIS (2003). The results of the study showed that EDIM and EHRI suggest that consumption of vegetable grown in polluted soil irrigated with domestic wastewater is nearly free of risk. But there are a lso other sources of metal exposure such as dust inhalation, vehicular exhaust which were not include in this study. Conclusion The prolonged domestic wastewater irrigation increases heavy metal accumulation in the soil has lead to contamination of food crops in the study area. This study shows that edible vegetables shows significant bioaccumulation of heavy metals in vegetables grown in sewage wastewater irrigation. These vegetables are supplied to local markets and there is possibility of health hazard associated with consumption of these contaminated vegetables over a long period of time. The concentration of all heavy metals in domestic wastewater was found to be higher except Zn from the permissible limits of Indian standards (PFA, 2000) and (WHO/FAO, 2007). The results indicated that higher concentration of metals in soils which is contributed prolonged irrigation by sewage wastewater. If it is continues, the concentrations of metals will accumulate in the soil. Relatively higher amounts of these heavy metal which attributes to the reduction in soil pH to moderately acidic conditions as well increase i n organic carbon due to the continuous use of sewage effluents. The concentration of heavy metals in all the vegetables is lesser than Indian standard (PFA, 2000) and (WHO/FAO, 2007). The transfer factor of Cd, Pb, Cu and Cr is more in Location III, similarly, Zn in location II and Ni in location-I. Therefore, vegetable crops growing on polluted site can bio-accumulate high concentrations of trace elements to cause serious health risk to consumers. The highest daily intake of metal such as Pb, Zn, Ni, Cu, Cd and Cr were from consumption of the spinach, cabbage, cauliflower, spinach, carrot, spinach and Carrot respectively grown in domestic wastewater for both adults and children. The results of studied revealed that EDIM and EHRI suggest that the consumption of vegetables grown in domestic wastewater polluted location is high but is free from any risk. Therefore, the health risks from the heavy metals such Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr and Ni exposure through vegetables was no consequences and generally assumed to be safe. Therefore, in order to reduce risks, plants with lower accumulative nature should be grown. In this scenario the present study significantly indicating the need for proper treatment and disposal of domestic wastewater with low cost and worldwide acceptable technology.

hamburgers and ground beef :: essays research papers

Hamburgers and Ground Beef   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Each individual in America has a goal he or she wants to accomplish. Whether it’s to purchase a new car or a huge home, it’s a goal wanted to be reached. However with the amount of fast food that Americans eat today, they will have a hard time accomplishing these goals because of the obesity or even disease they’ll have from the fast food. One major fast food that we like to eat while on the go is hamburgers. If it’s breakfast we grab a burger, if it’s lunch we grab a burger and even when it’s dinner we will grab a burger and might throw in some fires and a huge soda to go with it. Hamburgers are one of the leading causes of obesity and disease catching food.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the Bio Analogics article it states that nearly two-thirds of residents of United States are overweight, and since 1991 the incidence of obesity has risen from 12 percent to more than 25 percent. This is due to the amount of junk food and burgers, we ate daily. To see if I am also one of these fast food consuming eaters, I composed a diary of what I eat daily and I discovered that within my weekly schedule, that’s between school and work- I eat hamburgers at least three times a week. I ate these burgers not just from one place, I ate them from four different places. The first one I ate was at In-and-Out. The second one was at Fuddruckers. The fourth day I had one in McDonalds and on the sixth day in which my friends and I went to Applebee’s after work and I still had the nerve to order a hamburger even when there were other items on the menu.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hamburgers come from ground beef, which in reality if you consume a couple of hamburgers per month, it won’t harm you, but it states in ConsumerReports.org, â€Å"Americans show their affection for ground beef and burgers by consuming approximately 30 pounds of ground beef per person per year. Ground beef's saturated fat can contribute to heart disease, and the bacteria it sometimes harbors can sicken or kill someone who eats beef that is not cooked thoroughly.† With this information available to Americans daily, we still do consume the ground beef and even have the nerve to tell ourselves and our friends that we plan to cut back on it any day now.

Indecision, Hesitation and Delay in Shakespeares Hamlet - Procrastination :: GCSE Coursework Shakespeare Hamlet

Hamlet's Procrastination In William Shakespeare’s Hamlet, Hamlet’s tragic flaw is his procrastination. From the first time Hamlet was acted until now, critics have fought over the reason for Hamlet’s procrastination. Some say that the cause is due to Sigmund Freud’s theory that Hamlet has an "Oedipal Complex," which is his love for his mother. Others argue that he just never finds the right time to carry out the revenge of his father’s murder. The Oedipal Complex theory in regard to Hamlet’s situation seems more likely because of the amount of times Hamlet has to kill Claudius but always fins a reason not to kill him. If it is not the case, then the cause of the procrastination remains a mystery. There is no reason for Hamlet not to kill Claudius, whom he hates, and was ordered by a higher power to destroy, other than the fact that subconsciously, Hamlet needed Claudius to keep him away from his mother. Hamlet procrastinated only because of his fear of intimacy with his mother, knowing that Claudius was the only person separating he and Gertrude. Although Hamlet has a pious duty to avenge his father’s murder, his desire for his mother is too strong for him to leave an open pathway to her. He tries to find excuses to postpone his killing Claudius. First, he tries to discover whether or not Claudius really did kill King Hamlet, which gives him some time. After he has convinced himself that Claudius is to blame, he attempts to murder him just twice. The first time, he finds Claudius praying, and uses that as a scapegoat so he can again put off his pious duty. Later when he is alone with Gertrude, he thinks that Claudius is behind the curtains, and kills the man there. Unfortunately, Polonius becomes the victim of Hamlet’s dagger. The only time when Hamlet does not hesitate to carry out his pious duty is when he is in the bedroom with Gertrude. Unfortunately by mere coincidence, Polonius is the man behind the bedroom curtain, not Claudius. Hamlet stabs Polonius instinctively because he is where he truly desires to be, with his mother. This is the only time when Hamlet actually has the courage to try to kill Claudius, thus opening the path to Gertrude. All of the other times in the play, Hamlet is either alone or with people who he needs to hide his desire from.

Effects Of Divorce On Children :: essays research papers

Since there is a lot discussion of the effects of divorce on children, I choose this to be my topic. In 1991 Amato and Keith (researchers) examined the results of 92 studies using 13,000 children ranging from preschool to young adults to determine what the overall results indicated. The overall result of this study was that children from divorced families are on "average" somewhat worse off than children who have lived in nuclear families. These children have more trouble in school, more behavior problems, more negative self-concepts, more problems with peers, and more trouble getting along with their parents. Overall, the children are more alike than different. Amato tells us that average differences do not mean that all children in divorced families are worse off than all children in intact families. One way to examine this issue is illustrated by findings of Mavis Hetherington. Hetherington, like many others, finds these average differences, but she also looked at some of her measures and examined the degree to which children in divorced and intact families were more severely impaired. Here we find some important differences. On a measure of behavioral problems, Hetherington reports that 90% of adolescent boys and girls in intact families were within the normal range on problems and 10% had serious problems that we would generally require some type of help. The percentages for divorced families were 74% of the boys and 66% of the girls in the normal range and 26% of the boys and 34% of the girls were in the negative scale. The differences between children in different kinds of families are parental Loss, economic loss, more stress, poor parental adjustment, and exposure to interparental conflict. All experts will agree that any life altering change is effective on a child's life.

The Seven Phases of the Systems Development Life Cycle

COMPUTERIZED PAYROLL SYSTEM FOR TURNSHOP (A SUPERMARKET) PURPOSE AND PROBLEM(Initiation): Firstly the purpose of this system is to help Turnshop to solve it problem in the running of it accounting department which the whole company relies on it, so that they can have accurate, reliable and fast processing of their payroll system in the company.For now the payroll system of the company is process manually and since there are 2000 employees and more actives of the company it make it very hard and tedious to accomplish this task in the company, it also cause a high room for errors, overtime, resources and money and it will help the company a lot if they have a computerized payroll system (CPS). PlANNING The cost of the computerized payroll system (CPS) is about 50,000 Ghana cedis. since we will install a two new severs for them to handle most of most of their data, one of the sever will act as a recovery and the other works as the main.And also the cost will include a free demonstration and practical tutorial for the accounting staff in TURNSHOP as well with three (3) months training using the computerized payroll system (CPS). we will help during the period of transition. It will be a user friendly and easy to install and use. 1. Since the company already has some hardware requirements already this can be use for the computerized payroll system(CPS) ,so we only need to install the software on the computers and laptops in the company and link them to the sever.SAP solutions will be installed to provide the company-wide accessibility so that they can accelerate an accurate financial closing cycle at any level. This will provide the business management solutions through the financial record of the employees and the management of finance in the company such The Detailed Employee List contains all the pay, deduction, benefit, state, And local tax codes, and monthly, quarterly, and yearly totals for each Employee. The report also provides wage and withholding informati on.Print the Detailed Employee List to review all the employee records That is set up in Payroll. It will eliminate the manual payroll and transaction system in the company which is time consuming and also there is a bigger chance of having errors. FLOWCHART FOR THE EMPLOYEE PAYROLL SYSTEM REQUIREMENTANLAYSIS Beginning the payroll process for the company starts with obtaining the proper documentation from employees. The human-resources department and the accountant department will need to forward an internal form or a copy of the accepted-offer letter complete with the appropriate paperwork to us.Once this process is verified as finished, recording of employee information can begin and designing and deploying for the payroll period can start. Question will be also ask and it will be both open and close questions, to help us get the full understanding of how the payroll works in the company. For example What is salary package in the organization? How the salaried will be paid? How do they calculate the local tax codes, and monthly, quarterly, and yearly totals? And many more DESIGN STAGE OF THE SYSTEMIn the design the organization system will be targeting a hierarchy as follows: Company -> Cluster -> Business Unit (BU) -> Department -> Employee, The salary for an employee is made up of various salary components. Each salary component has 3 rules associated with it, a Calculation Rule (Calculate component as percentage of another component, or percentage of a fixed number or a fixed number), an Eligibility Rule (whether an Employee/Dept is eligible for a component) and a Constraint Rule which limits the maximum and minimum of a component. These rules are editable and can be edited by a user end user.Also these rules are inherited top-down, but if defined at a lower level, the lower level rule takes precedence. The database will contain Attendance, Leaves, Bonuses tables and these rules are also supposed to interact with each of the tables. The client will be gen erating payroll for multiple clients each hosting a Separate Database instance. They may each have a different interpretation of each component and may have different components. We are only looking to support SQL Server, and payroll generation will be an offline activity and also an online activity in some instant.It will work upon where to put the logic which uses these rules to generate the individual tax components (which will include Tax Deductions, Tax Write-offs, Allowances, etc). The system will take an employee Id and generate a payroll for that month. The order of our priorities is: 1. The ability to adapt changes to new clients quickly 2. Long term maintainability 3. Performance 1 and 2 outweigh 3 here by a large factor as this will be an offline activity. Maintainability and Quick Customizability are very important; we will be deploying the application for different clients.Client A may have a Salary Component Rule as ((0. 3 * Basic) + 800) and Client B as (0. 2 * Basic) + (0. 1 * Attendance Bonus) Also report on the payroll will be created in this stage. DEVELOPMENT STAGE After the System Design it leads to Development where the information system is built and programmed. Here we develop all the necessary ideas we got through the requirement stage and the design stage and send them a prototype so that they can try and gives us the feedback, also this phase where the bugs are worked out of the system. A contingency plan is also developed at this point.A contingency plan is an emergency management document. If the power goes out – what happens to the system? What is the back up? How fast can it be brought back up to speed? INTEGRATION AND TESTING STAGE This is the formal integration and testing of the system. Testing has been done on the development phase, but in the Integration and Testing Phase it is a formal, documented testing procedure, not only to assure that the system performs as designed, but testing the roll-out of the system. If th ere is already another system in place with data, how fast can that data be migrated into the new system and useable to the company?Usually, the system is rolled-out over a weekend so that if anything goes wrong, the old system is still active and available. Integration and Testing is vital for the decision to go with the new system, trusted to the system. Also In this stage the functionality of the individual sub systems in the payroll are tested to ensure proper operation. After successful testing of each subsystem the entire system of the payroll is tested to ensure all subsystems work together properly and so that an employees can check every information on his or her payroll.